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猪场产房怎么管理,产房管理手册(连载十)

来源:猪译馆 2020-05-04 17:26:15| 查看:

  前言 Foreword
  
  丹育猪以高产著名于世,但由于猪场建设、饲养管理等诸多方面的挑战,让丹育猪在中国的生产性能未能达到预期,但丹育种猪在中国养猪业的受青睐程度仍越来越高。猪译馆特收集整理了一系列丹育相关资料,目前正在转载由喜肉科技携手英联饲料和华扬种猪联合推出的丹麦养猪研究中心制作的丹育《产房管理手册》,敬请关注。
  
  编者的话 Editor's Note
  
  产房是一个猪场生产的中心,从产奶断奶的母猪的质量会影响到上游配怀母猪的性能,而仔猪的质量也会影响下游保育和育肥的生产指标,因此正确的产房管理是做好整个生产管理的基础。本手册将对产房的各项工作进行详细的讲解,其中很多章节图文并茂可以直接作为SOP使用。
  
  19 . 母猪的饲喂-液态饲料
  
  FEEDING OF SOWS - LiQUId FEED
  
  19.1
  
  19.1 泌乳的第一个星期进行限制饲喂,随后根据母猪食欲进行饲喂是母猪饲喂的最佳方
  
  Feeding Restrictively In The First Week Of Lactation And Then Following The Sow’s Appetite Is The Recipe For Optimum Feeding Of Sows.
  
  分娩前
  
  Before farrowing
  
  直到分娩,每头母猪推荐的饲喂量应该为3.5个母猪饲料单位/天。
  
  Until farrowing, the recommended feed dose is 3.5 FUsow a day.
  
  分娩前一天(妊娠115天),饲喂量减少到3个母猪饲料单位/天。
  
  The day before expected farrowing (day 115), reduce the feed dose to 3.0 FUsow a day.
  
  分娩后
  
  After farrowing
  
  推荐每天饲喂3次。
  
  It is recommended to feed sows 3 times a day.
  
  母猪应该在每次饲喂25-35分钟后完成采食,每天至少对采食情况进行一次检查。
  
  The sow must have eaten all the feed 25 - 35 minutes after each feeding - check this min. once a day.
  
  分娩后一天,母猪饲喂量为3.0-3.5个母猪饲料单位/天。
  
  The day after farrowing, give the sows 3.0 - 3.5FU-sow/day.
  
  之后每天增加饲喂量0.25-0.5个母猪饲料单位。
  
  Increase daily by 0.25 - 0.5 FUsow a day.
  
  泌乳一周后,母猪采食量要达到每天5.5-6.0 个母猪饲料单位。高于此量会增加母猪泌乳后期采食量增加停止的风险。
  
  The aim is for the sows to reach 5.5-6.0 FUsow after one week of lactation. A feed dose higher than this will increase the risk of the sow stopping later during lactation.
  
  19.2 产房内饲喂曲线
  
  Guiding Feed Chart In The Farrowing Facility.
  
  一般不提倡在周末调整母猪的喂料量,除非一些母猪没吃完料。
  
  It is generally not recommended to adjust the feed dose individually during weekends unless some sows have not eaten up.
  
  应该由同一个人来调整喂料量。
  
  Feed doses should always be adjusted by the same person.
  
  推荐的哺乳母猪饲喂曲线
  
  Recommended feeding curve for lactating sows
  
  母猪饲养单位/天
  
  分娩后的天数
  
  Days after farrowing
  
  母猪只有体况评分超过3时,才能完成一个完整的哺乳期。
  
  A sow is ready to nurse if the body condition score is 3.
  
  19.3
  
  19.3 如果母猪采食量总体比曲线低,检查以下项目:
  
  If The Sows’ Feed Intake Is Generally Below The Feed Chart, Check
  
  液态饲料的质量和卫生。
  
  Liquid feed quality and hygiene.
  
  饮水供应情况和饲喂量。
  
  Water supply and feed dose.
  
  母猪活动区的温度。
  
  Temperature in the sows’ activity area.
  
  妊娠舍母猪的体况/饲养情况。
  
  Body condition / feeding in the gestation facility.
  
  19.4 如果母猪出现哺乳失重
  
  If The Sows Lose Weight
  
  饲喂量不足。
  
  The feed dose may be inadequate.
  
  由于饲料配方不当或饲料在喂料管中氨基酸的损失,母猪不能获得预期的能量供应。
  
  The sows do not get the expected energy supply due to incorrect feed composition or due to loss of amino acids in the pipeline.
  
  液态饲料太稀。
  
  The feed soup is too thin.
  
  如果只有一头母猪未吃光料,参见21-分娩后个体母猪喂料量的调整。
  
  If just one sow does not eat up, see 21 - Individual adjustment of a sow’s feed dose after farrowing.
  
  卫生条件差会降低采食量和泌乳量
  
  Poor hygiene reduces feed intake and thereby milk yield
  
  19.5
  
  19.5 补充说明
  
  Additional Comments - Feeding Of Sows - Liquid Feed
  
  高采食量对于母猪的泌乳和随后的繁殖周期都很重要。分娩时适中的体况确保了高采食量并且将患肩伤的风险降至最小。
  
  A high feed intake is important to the milk production of the sows and the subsequent reproduction cycle. Medium body condition at farrowing ensures a high feed intake and minimises the risk ofshoulder lesions.
  
  刚将母猪转移到产房后,应维持妊娠舍中的饲喂量,即3.5个母猪饲料单位/天。
  
  Upon transfer to the farrowing pen, continue with the feed dose used in the gestation facility of 3.5FUsow/day.
  
  建议每天饲喂3次。然而,如果喂料系统支持,在母猪转移至产房到饲喂量达4.5个母猪饲料单位/天(5L,3次/天)期间,建议每天饲喂2次。如果每天提供1-2次秸秆,母猪会更经常的站立。
  
  Three daily feedings are recommended. However, only 2 daily feedings are recommended in the period from transfer to the farrowing facility until a feed dose of 4.5 FUsow (5 litres three times a day) is reached, if the system can handle this. If straw is supplied 1 - 2 times a day, sows will stand up moreoften.
  
  与饲喂量在妊娠115天降到3个母猪饲料单位/天的母猪相比,在分娩前一直维持较高饲喂量的母猪患无乳综合症的风险会增加,并且子宫炎的发生率会加倍。且降低母猪的饲喂量,不会降低仔猪的初生重,也利于母猪顺利分娩。
  
  A high feed dose up to farrowing increases the risk of M.M.A. and doubles the prevalence of metritiscompared a feed dose of approx. 3.0 FUsow a day on day 115. This reduction does not affffect birth weight negatively, but is enough to reduce the risk of problems during farrowing.
  
  母猪在分娩前后的食欲会降低。因此,应在每次饲喂1-2小时后将料槽清理干净。尽管饲喂液态饲料,仍需额外提供饮水,因为液体饲料最多能满足母猪50%的饮水需求。
  
  Sows may have a lower appetite around farrowing. Therefore always empty the trough 1-2 hours after feeding. Despite using liquid feed, additional water is necessary as liquid feed only covers max. 50 % of sows’ water requirement.
  
  单次喂料量越少,饲喂准确性越低。一般,一次饲喂量不超过5升。可以和液态饲料顾问一起检查饲喂量的准确性。
  
  The smaller the amount of feed to be fed, the lower the feeding accuracy. Generally, do not feed more than 5 litres at a time. You can check feeding accuracy together with your liquid feed advisor.
  
  每天饲喂3-4次会增加母猪的采食量和减少哺乳失重。如果液态饲喂系统能支持,当母猪采食量超过7个母猪饲料单位/天,可以每天饲喂4次。
  
  3 - 4 daily feedings may help increase the sows’ feed intake and thereby reduce weight loss. If the liquid feeding system can handle it, increase to 4 daily feedings when the sows have reached more than 7 FUsow a day.
  
  以下是较好的饲喂方案:
  
  A sound feeding strategy could look like this:
  
  早晨6-8点饲喂34%的饲料
  
  34 % of the feed in the morning at 6 - 8 o’clock.
  
  中午11-12点饲喂33%的饲料
  
  33 % of the feed before noon at 11 - 12 o’clock.
  
  下午3点饲喂33%的饲料(或天气热的时候在晚上9点)
  
  33 % of the feed in the afternoon at 15 o’clock (or at  21 o’clock in warm periods).
  
  目标是从晚上到第二天早上饲喂之间,至少有8小时的休息。
  
  Aim for 8 hours of rest between evening and morning feedings.
  
  通常,如果母猪在25-35分钟内未采食完毕,原因可能是
  
  Generally, if the sows have not eaten up within 25-35minutes after feeding, the cause may be
 
  
  饲喂曲线变化过大(饲料投喂量突然增加太多)。
  
  The feed chart being too steep.
  
  猪群有胃病 。
  
  Gastric problems in the herd.
  
  疾病。
  
  Disease.
  
  饲料风味不同,可能因为饲料成分的改变。
  
  Difffferent taste of the feed - possibly because ofchanges in ingredients.
  
  饮水供应不足。
  
  Inadequate water supply.
  
  产房内温度过高。
  
  Temperature in the facility is too high.
  
  如果喂料太少,母猪就不能获得足够的能量来哺育仔猪以及从分娩后恢复。喂料太多会增加母猪 采食量的风险。参见21-分娩后个体母猪喂料量的调整。
  
  Too little feed will give the sow too little energy to tend to the piglets and to recover from farrowing.Too much feed will increase the risk of the sow stopping. See 21 - Individual adjustment of a sow’sfeed dose after farrowing.
  
  缓慢增加喂料量,避免母猪采食量增加停止,并且这样可以使得摄入的能量跟上产奶量。饲料调整应由一个人专门负责。不要在周末增加饲喂量,这样既减轻了周末的任务负担,也便于管理,这对母猪生产性能影响很小。
  
  Slowly increase the feed dose to avoid the sow stopping and for the energy intake to follow the milkyield. Only one person should be in charge of adjusting the feed dose. Do not increase the feeddose during weekends as that will make supervision and weekend task easier. This will have very littleeffffect on the sow’s production.
  
  泌乳一周后母猪采食量无需超过5.5-6.0个母猪饲料单位/天。如果饲喂量高出这一范围,母猪在泌乳后期会有采食量增加停止的风险。两周后,采食量要达8-9个母猪饲料单位/天。在余下的泌乳期内,根据母猪的食欲来饲喂,尽量减少哺乳失重。
  
  There is no need for sows to reach more than 5.5 - 6.0 FUsow a day after one week of lactation. If thefeed dose is higher than this, the sow may stop later in the lactation period. After two weeks, they should have reached 8-9 FUsow a day. For the rest of the lactation period, feed the sows according to appetite to limit loss of body condition.
  
  20 .母猪的饲喂 - 干料
  
  FEEDING OF SOWS - DRY FEED
  
  20.1
  
  20.1 哺乳第一周要限制饲喂,随后根据母猪的食欲来饲喂是最佳的饲喂方案。
  
  Feeding Restrictively In The First Week Of Lactation And Then Following The Sow’s Appetite Is The Recipe For Optimum Feeding Of Sows.
  
  分娩前
  
  Before farrowing
  
  为了能计算出饲喂量,有必要知道一升饲料的重量。
  
  To be able to calculate the amount fed, you need toknow the weight of one litre of feed.
  
  直到分娩,饲喂量都是3.5个母猪饲料单位/天。
  
  Until farrowing, feed 3.5 FUsow a day.
  
  在预产期前一天,将饲喂量降低至2.8-3.0个母猪饲料单位/天。
  
  The day before expected farrowing, reduce the feeddose to 2.8 - 3.0 FUsow a day.
  
  分娩后
  
  After farrowing
  
  每天饲喂母猪3-8次。
  
  Feed the sows 3-8 times a day.
  
  母猪应该在每次饲喂25-35分钟后完成采食,每天至少对采食情况进行一次检查。
  
  The sows must have eaten all their food 25-35minutes after feeding. Check this min. once a day.
  
  分娩后一天,母猪饲喂量为 3.5 个母猪饲料单位 / 天。
  
  The day after farrowing, give the sows 3.5 FUsow/day.
  
  之后每天增加饲喂量0.25-0.5个母猪饲料单位。参见21-分娩后个体母猪喂料量的调整。
  
  Increase the feed dose daily by 0.25-0.5 FUsow. See 21 - Individual adjustment of one sow’s feed doseafter farrowing.
  
  哺乳一周后,母猪采食量要达到5.5-6.0个母猪饲料单位/天。高于此量会增加母猪泌乳后期采食量增加停止的风险。
  
  The aim is for the sows to reach 5.5-6.0 FUsow/dayafter one week of lactation. A feed dose higher thanthis will risk the sow stopping later in lactation.
  
  产房内饲喂曲线
  
  Guiding feed chart in the farrowing facility.
  
  推荐的哺乳母猪饲喂曲线
  
  Recommended feeding curve for lactating sows
  
  母猪饲料单位/天
  
  分娩后的天数
  
  Days after farrowing
  
  体况适中的母猪已做好哺乳的准备
  
  A sow in medium condition is ready to nurse
  
  20.2
  
  20.2 如果母猪采食量总体低于饲喂曲线,检查
  
  If The Sows’ Feed Intake Is Generally Below The Feed Chart, Check
  
  母猪活动区的温度。
  
  The temperature in the sows’ activity area.
  
  母猪在妊娠舍中的体况和饲喂情况。
  
  Body condition / feeding in the gestation facility.
  
  饲料质量和卫生。
  
  Feed quality and hygiene.
  
  饮水供应和饲喂量。
  
  Water supply and feed dose.
  
  20.3 如果母猪出现哺乳失重
  
  If The Sows Lose Weight
  
  饲喂量不足。
  
  Inadequate feed dose.
  
  单位体积的饲料量小于预期,换言之,饲喂量低于既定量。由于饲料分配器调节不当、自动分级或饲料管堵塞等原因,母猪不能得到预期的饲喂量。
  
  The volume of the feed is lower than expected, i.e.the feed dose is lower than intended. The sows arenot getting the amount expected due to incorrectadjustment of the feeder, segregation or blockage ofthe feed pipe.
  
  20.4 如果一头或一些母猪采食量增加停止
  
  If One Or A Few Sows Stop
  
  饮水供应不当。
  
  Problems with water supply.
  
  料槽或饲料管中卫生差。
  
  Problems with the hygiene in the trough or in the feed pipe.
  
  饲料分配器调节不当,母猪采食量比预期少。
  
  Incorrect adjustment of the feeder; the sow gets less feed than expected.
  
  单位体积的饲料量大于预期,喂料量比预期多。
  
  The feed’s volume is larger than expected; the feed dose is higher than expected.
  
  母猪生病或有胃溃疡。
  
  The sow is sick or suffffers from a gastric ulcer.
  
  肥的母猪比体况适中母猪的采食量少。
  
  Fat sows eat less than sows in adequate body condition.
  
  卫生条件差会降低采食量,从而降低泌乳量。
  
  Poor hygiene reduces feed intake and thereby milk yield.
  
  如果单位体积的饲料量与预期不同,母猪将不能采食到预期的饲料量。
  
  The sow will not get the expected feed dose if the volume of the feed is difffferent from what you expected.
  
  20.5
  
  20.5 补充说明
  
  Additional Comments - Feeding Of Sows - Dry Feed
  
  有必要知道每升饲料的重量以便以升的形式计算出每次饲喂量。一个简单的方法就是从喂料器中倒出1、2、4和6升料,并且计算每升的平均重量。对猪群中所有类型的饲料分配器均需测定。
  
  It is necessary to know the weight of one litre of feed to be able to calculate the feed dose in litre perfeeding. An easy way to do this is to pour 1, 2, 4 and 6 litres from the feed boxes and calculate the average weight of one litre. Do this for all types of feed boxes in your herd.
  
  一旦知道饲料中的能量水平,就可计算出每天每次的饲喂量。
  
  Once the energy content of the feed is known, the daily amount fed per feeding can be calculated.
  
  考虑到母猪的泌乳和之后的繁殖周期,有必要确保较高的采食量。分娩时适中的体况确保了母猪较高的采食量并且将患肩伤的风险最小化。
  
  It is essential to ensure a high feed intake due to sows’ milk production and subsequent reproductioncycle. Medium body condition at farrowing will ensure the sows’ feed intake and minimise the risk ofshoulder lesions.
  
  与每天饲喂2.8-3.0个饲料单位的母猪相比,在分娩前一直维持较高饲喂量的母猪患无乳综合症的风险会增加,并且子宫炎的发生率会加倍。预产期前降低母猪的饲喂量,对于仔猪的初生重没有影响,反而有利于母猪顺利分娩。
  
  A high feed dose up to farrowing will increase the risk of M.M.A. and double the prevalence of metritis compared with a feed dose of 2.8-3.0 FUsow a day. Reduction of the feed dose the day before expected farrowing will have no effffect on birth weight, but will be suffiffifficient to reduce the risk of problems during farrowing.
  
  母猪在分娩前后的食欲会降低。因此,再次喂料前必须将料槽清空。供水充足,因为饮水不足会降低采食量。如果母猪在分娩前后未采食干净,那么清空料槽,注入清水。
  
  Sows’ appetite may be reduced around farrowing. Therefore, always empty the trough before the next feeding. Water is essential, as too little water will reduce the feed intake. If a sow has not eaten all the food around farrowing, pour some fresh water into the trough when you have emptied it.
  
  由于每天饲喂母猪至少3次,若每天饲喂5-8次会增加母猪的采食量并减少哺乳失重。这也会将患肩伤的几率降至最低,并且增加5周后仔猪的断奶体重。
  
  As a minimum feed the sows 3 times a day. 5 - 8 daily feedings increase the sows’ feed intake and reduce weight loss. This minimises the prevalence of shoulder lesions and increases the weaning weight of the litter when weaning after 5 weeks.
  
  每天饲喂3次:
  
  Example of feeding strategy with 3 daily feedings:
  
  早晨6-8点饲喂一次
  
  At 6 - 8 o’clock
  
  中午11-12点饲喂一次
  
  At 11 - 12 o’clock
  
  下午3点饲喂一次(或天气热的时候在晚上9点)
  
  At 15 o’clock (possibly at 21 o’clock in warm periods)
  
  每天饲喂5次:
  
  Example of feeding strategy with 5 daily feedings:
  
  早晨5-6点饲喂一次
  
  At 5 - 6 o’clock
  
  早晨7-8点饲喂一次
  
  At 7 - 8 o’clock
  
  中午11-12点饲喂一次
  
  At 11 - 12 o’clock
  
  下午3-4点饲喂一次
  
  At 15 - 16 o’clock
  
  晚上8-9点饲喂一次
  
  At 20 - 21 o’clock
  
  目标是从晚上到第二天早上饲喂之间,至少有8小时的休息。
  
  Aim for minimum 8 hours of rest between evening and morning feedings.
  
  为确保摄入足够的能量水平,日饲喂量较高时,约5-8%的母猪的料槽每天均需清空。未采食完的母猪不一定是生病,也可能是采食量增加停止,因此需要降低她们的喂料量。饲喂前后的工作范例:
  
  To ensure a suffiffifficient energy intake, use a feed dose so high that the troughs of a few sows (5-8 %) need to be emptied daily. Sows that do not eat up are not necessarily sick, but may have stopped and therefore need to have their feed dose reduced. Example of work routine around feeding:
  
  饲喂之前
  
  Before feeding
  
  如果料槽中有前一次饲喂的料剩余,要清空料槽。如果剩余的料很多,那么下次饲喂时就不喂料。
  
  Empty the troughs if there are feed left from the previous feeding. If there is much feed left, do notfeed the sow at the next feeding.
  
  饲喂之后
  
  After feeding
  
  确认是否所有母猪都喂料了。
  
  Have all sows been given feed?
  
  是否所有母猪都站起来了?如果不是---参见15-母猪的疾病及治疗
  
  Do all sows get up? If not - see 15 - Disease and treatment of sows.
  
  母猪是否在25-35分钟内采食完毕?参见21-分娩后个体母猪喂料量的调整。
  
  Do the sows eat up within 25 - 35 minutes? See 21 - Individual adjustment of a sow’s feed dose afterfarrowing.
  
  喂料太多会增加母猪采食量增加停止的风险。喂料太少会导致母猪哺乳失重。瘦的母猪更难从分娩中恢复。
  
  Too much feed increases the risk of the sow stopping. Too little feed will result in a weight loss due to the lactation process. Thin sows fifind it more diffiffifficult to recover from farrowing.
  
  逐渐增加饲喂量以避免母猪采食量增加停止,并确保充足的能量摄入以满足泌乳需要。参见21-分娩后个体母猪喂料量的调整。
  
  Slowly increase the feed dose to avoid the sow stopping and for the energy intake to follow the milkyield. See 21 - Individual adjustment of a sow’s feed dose after farrowing.
  
  哺乳一周后母猪采食量不要超过5.5-6.0个母猪饲料单位/天。如果饲喂量超出此范围,母猪可能会在泌乳后期采食量增加停止。两周后,母猪采食量应达8-9个母猪饲料单位/天。之后,要根据母猪食欲来饲喂,避免母猪哺乳失重。
  
  There is no need for sows to reach more than 5.5 - 6.0 FUsow a day after one week of lactation. If thefeed dose is higher than this, the sow may stop later in the lactation period. After two weeks, the sowshould have reached 8-9 FUsow a day. For the rest of the lactation period, feed the sows according toappetite to limit loss of body condition.

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