译者的话：<<

关于非洲猪瘟病毒防控举措的文章，必须要放到跨国际的整个地区层面去阐释预备性和应对型举措，方才完整。早在非洲猪瘟2007年入侵格鲁吉亚，以及后续入侵俄罗斯、东欧以及亚洲大部分国家等一系列事件之前，欧盟就通过了一系列的法案，以指导成员国家采取合法措施应对非洲猪瘟的入侵。除了支持性的法案和OIE准则，欧盟的核心立法机构，欧盟理事也会发布了2002/60/EC指令，提供了帮助成员国努力控制并最终清除非洲猪瘟的框架意见。

引言 Introduction<<

作者 Author:

Timothy Paul Snider  

PIC Europe, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain

引言 Introduction

关于非洲猪瘟病毒防控举措的文章，必须要放到跨国际的整个地区层面去阐释预备性和应对型举措，方才完整。早在非洲猪瘟2007年入侵格鲁吉亚，以及后续入侵俄罗斯、东欧以及亚洲大部分国家等一系列事件之前，欧盟就通过了一系列的法案，以指导成员国家采取合法措施应对非洲猪瘟的入侵。除了支持性的法案和OIE准则，欧盟的核心立法机构，欧盟理事也会发布了2002/60/EC指令，提供了帮助成员国努力控制并最终清除非洲猪瘟的框架意见。

A paper focused upon successful responses to African swine fever virus (ASFV) outbreaks would be incomplete without a review of the preparedness and response measures that have been developed for the region of concern. Long before ASFV entered the country of Georgia in 2007, and during its subsequent spread across Russia, eastern Europe and much of Asia, the European Union (EU) passed a series legislation that guides the legal response of member states (MS) in the case of an ASFV incursion within their territory. In addition to other supporting legislation and OIE guidelines, the core EU legislation, Council Directive 2002/60/EC, provides the main framework which guides the MS efforts to successfully control and ultimately eradicate the disease from their territory.

本文阐述了欧盟定义的非洲猪瘟应对策略的大纲与关键部分，并复盘了欧盟相关国家非洲猪瘟爆发后相关策略的实际执行情况（捷克，2017年6月；比利时，2018年9月）。

This paper will outline the key components of the EU’s legally defined ASFV response strategy and then review how the practical implementation of this framework has unfolded in ASFV outbreaks of the Czech Republic (June 2017) and Belgium (September 2018)

欧盟应对非洲猪瘟框架举措的历史回顾¹

Chronological history of the European Union response framework¹

2000-不同猪群领地以及猪群离开领地移动路线的鉴定与注册

2000-Identification and registration of swine premises and pigs moving from their place of origin

为了在疫情爆发时更有效地执行猪群移动限制措施以及对猪群移动历史进行调查，关键的举措是要对地区所有猪群的活动实现可追溯管理。欧盟理事会决定2000/678/EC 以及后续的理事会指令2008/71/EC，对上述猪群活动的可追溯管理做出了明确法律要求。

The underlying principle of traceability of all pig movements is a key component for the implementation of an effective outbreak response when considering movement controls and the investigation of historic pig movements. The Council decision 2000/678/EC and the subsequent Council directive 2008/71/EC of the Europe-an Commission (EC) legislate these requirements across the EU.

2002-控制非洲猪瘟举措的分则框架

2002 - Framework of specific provisions for the control of ASF

非洲猪瘟应对框架举措有若干补充方面，理事会指令2002/60/EC包含了疫病汇报流程、家猪或野猪有疑似或确诊非洲猪瘟病例后的具体应对措施。此外，该指令明确疫区周边至少3km为保护区、至少10km为监测区。该指令构成了欧盟应对非洲猪瘟的主体框架。

Amongst several additional aspects of the response framework, the Council Directive 2002/60/EC includes provisions regarding the disease notification process and measures to be taken in cases when either domestic or feral swine populations are suspected or confirmed. As well, this legislation also outlines the determination of protection and surveillance zones at a minimum of 3 and 10 km respectively. This regulation forms the main framework of the EU response to ASF. 

2003-非洲猪瘟诊断手册

2003 - ASF diagnostic manual

为了确保整个欧盟非洲猪瘟确诊的一致性，理事会决定2003/422/EC给出了诊断程序、采样方法和标准等流程的统一标准。

To ensure that the confirmation of ASF is consistently performed across the EU, a uniform set of diagnostic procedures, sampling methods and criteria are outlined in Commission Decision 2003/422/EC.

2009-动物源饲料限制

2009 - Swill feeding

出于对口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）和牛海绵状脑炎（BSE，疯牛病）的防控要求，欧盟准则1069/2009明确动物类副产品以及动物源产品禁止用于人类食物源动物的饲料中，这同样影响到了猪的饲料。

As a result of issues related to foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) and bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE), this legislation regarding the use of animal by-products and animal derived products not intended for human consumption (i.e. Regulation No 1069/2009) was instituted and impacts rules regarding the feeding of ‘swill’ to swine.

2013-野猪非洲猪瘟的监测与控制指导措施以及家猪的预防举措

2013 - Guidelines on surveillance and control of ASFV in feral swine and preventative measures in pig holdings

指导文件SANCO/7138/2013规定了欧盟成员国家发生野猪疑似或确诊非洲猪瘟病例的应对方案。上述文件目的是减少病毒从野猪传到家猪的风险，并防止非洲猪瘟在野猪群发展为地方流行病。

A guideline document entitled SANCO/7138/2013 was developed to give guidance to MS that are suspected or confirmed to have ASFV in feral swine. The guidelines aim to reduce the risk of transmission to domestic pigs and to prevent the disease from becoming endemic in the feral swine population.

2014-分区管理与活动控制

2014 - Regionalization and the movement controls

为了保证受疫病影响成员国的统一风险管理，欧盟制定了2014/178/EU准则。该准则对受影响的领土进行了明确的分级：I类地区——有风险，无病例；II类地区——只有野猪病例；III类地区——野猪和家猪病例都有；IV 类地区——地方流行状态。此外，本准则定义了如下猪相关商品在不同类型领土进、出和内部运送的规定：1）活猪、精液、卵细胞/胚胎、猪源动物副产品；2）猪肉、预制肉、肉产品。欧盟分去管理地图定期更新，可在如下网址查询并下载PDF：https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/animals/docs/ad_control-measures_asf_pl-lt-regionalisation.pdf) 。亦可在下述网址查询在线互动地图(https://eu-commission.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=3db65168d4ad4d829a38560d7f868ace).

To ensure consistently implemented risk management within all affected member states, regulation 2014/178/EU was enacted. This legislation outlines the classification of affected territories as: Part I – at risk with no cases; Part II – feral swine cases only; Part III – feral and domestic swine cases; Part IV – endemic situation. As well, the legislation defines swine related commodities (i.e. 1) Live pigs, semen, ova/embryos, & porcine animal byproducts & 2) Pig meat, meat preparations, and meat products) and if they move into, out of, or within each territory type. EU regionalization maps are routinely updated and available at the following websites as a pdf (https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/animals/docs/ad_control-measures_asf_pl-lt-regionalisation.pdf) or in the form of an interactive online map (https://eu-commission.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=3db65168d4ad4d829a38560d7f868ace).

2015-地理定义非洲猪瘟入侵领土的原则和标准

2015 – Principles and criteria for geographically defining ASF regionalization territories

为保证所有受影响成员国以统一方法定义2014/178/EU准则中的受非洲猪瘟影响地区，欧盟制定了一套准则与标准。SANCO/7112/2015条例列出了定义各类受非洲猪瘟影响地区大小与形状的考量因素：行政管辖区域，自然和人工屏障，家猪和野猪分布等。

To facilitate a consistent approach across all affected MS in de-fining the territories defined in regulation 2014/178/EU, a set of principles and criteria was outlined. SANCO/7112/2015 lists several factors that are recommended for consideration when defining the size and shape of each territory include: a) administrative divisions, natural and artificial barriers, domestic and feral swine distributions, etc.

捷克和比利时有效的控制和净化策略复盘

Review of effective control and eradication strategies in the Czech Republic and Belgium<<

欧盟理事指令2002/60/EC第15条规定了成员国野猪群出现非洲猪瘟疑似或确诊病例时应该采取的措施。第16条规定了成员国必须提交野猪群非洲猪瘟净化的方案，该方案必须在疫情爆发后90天内提交。

Article 15 of European Council’s Directive 2002/60/EC out-lines the measures to be taken by a MS when an ASFV infection is suspected or confirmed in feral swine. Article 16 outlines the requirement to supply a plan for eradication of ASFV from the MS’s feral swine population. This plan must be submitted within 90 days of the start of the outbreak.

捷克共和国（2017年6月）和比利时（2018年9月）爆发了野猪群非洲猪瘟疫情后，上述两国被要求按照欧盟法律执行特定应对方案。欧盟成员国爆发非洲猪瘟疫情后，前期规定好的应对计划包含如下步骤：1）立刻报给欧盟委员会和其他成员国；2）任命处理疫情的专家组并做好：i)确定受感染区域、ii) 确定在受感染区域需采取的措施、iii)活动限制、iv)净化方案。

Following the feral swine outbreaks of ASFV in the Czech Re-public (June 2017) and Belgium (September 2018), both coun-tries were required by EU law to follow a specific response plan. The pre-defined response plan for an ASFV outbreak in an EU MS includes the following steps: 1) Immediate reporting to the European Commission and other member states & 2) Naming an expert group that is tasked with: i) defining the infected area (IA), ii) the measures to be carried out in the IA, iii) movement controls and iv) the eradication plan.

捷克与比利时的非洲猪瘟疫情在诸多方面显著类似。两个受感染成员国都位于欧洲西部地区深部，据悉其他受感染的野猪群并不在紧邻的地理区域，显然是人类活动介导的传播。这两个国家爆发区域和周边地区的家猪密度很低，使得清群处理经济上可行，并易于实现。两个受感染成员国很好地成功阻止了疫情跨越最初感染区域边界的传播，这也阻止了疫情传播到其他家猪群体或传播到邻近成员国。

The outbreaks in the Czech Republic and Belgium were remark-ably similar in many ways. Both affected MS were located deep within the western European region and appeared to be a result of human mediated transmission since other populations of infected feral swine were not in the immediate geographic area. The infected areas of both outbreaks and their surrounding re-gions had very low domestic swine populations which made their depopulation financially feasible and easily accomplished. Both affected MS have been able to prevent the spread of the infection significantly beyond the initially defined borders of the first IA and this has prevented the spread to any other domestic herds or neighboring MS.

除了在受感染区域内部和周边采取了若干积极行动，捷克和比利时还采取了如下关键举措：1）在受感染区域禁止捕猎野猪；2）在控制区域的边界附近，进行了高强度的捕猎；3）迅速移走死猪尸体；4）设置物理障碍（围栏等）以最小化受感染区域的外出移动；5）在控制区域内部，限制人类的活动。

In addition to several active measures within and surrounding the IA, both Czech Republic2 and Belgium3 included the following key actions: 1) restrictions on hunting feral swine within the infected zone; 2) intensive hunting around the perimeter of the control areas; 3) efforts to rapidly remove feral swine carcasses; 4) physical barriers (e.g. fences) to minimize movements out of the IA; and 5) restrictions on personnel movements within the control zone.

2019年4月份，捷克已经整整12个月没有检测到任何病例，正式宣布非洲猪瘟阴性。截止本文写作期间（2019年11月份），比利时从2019年4月份已经没有再检测出非洲猪瘟病例，正在朝着成为西欧地区第二个成功净化非洲猪瘟的国家路上稳步迈进。

As of April 2019, the Czech Republic was declared negative for ASFV with no cases detected for a full 12 months. At the time of writing (i.e. November 2019), Belgium has not detected a new case since April 2019 and is well on the way towards being the second country in Western Europe to successfully eradicate ASFV from its territory.

参考文献 References<<

1. European Union Law. All European Union legislation. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html. Accessed 15 November 2019.

2. Czech State Veterinary Administration. https://www.svscr.cz/africky-mor-prasat-aktualni-informace/. Accessed 15 November 2019.

3. Houdart, P. ESPHM May 2019 Keynote session: ‘ASF updates and review of applied measures; practical experiences.’